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Resistor Calculator

Calculate resistance from color codes (4/5 band), series and parallel combinations, and conductor resistance by material and dimensions.

Resistor Color Code

Resistance
51 MΩ
±5% (48.45 MΩ – 53.55 MΩ)

Resistors in Series

Enter values separated by commas

Total (4 resistors)
192 Ω
R = 12 Ω + 47 Ω + 100 Ω + 33 Ω

Resistors in Parallel

Enter values separated by commas

Total (3 resistors)
103.056 Ω
1/R = 1/220 Ω + 1/470 Ω + 1/330 Ω

Conductor Resistance

Resistance (R = L / σA)
267.038 mΩ
2.6704e-1 Ω

Resistor Color Code Chart

ColorDigitMultiplierTolerance
Black0×1
Brown1×10±1% (F)
Red2×100±2% (G)
Orange3×1K±0.05% (W)
Yellow4×10K±0.02% (P)
Green5×100K±0.5% (D)
Blue6×1M±0.25% (C)
Violet7×10M±0.1% (B)
Grey8×100M±0.01% (L)
White9×1G
Gold×0.1±5% (J)
Silver×0.01±10% (K)

Series vs Parallel Circuits

PropertySeriesParallel
Total ResistanceR₁ + R₂ + R₃1/(1/R₁ + 1/R₂ + 1/R₃)
CurrentSame through allDivides across branches
VoltageDivides across resistorsSame across all
Total vs IndividualAlways largerAlways smaller
If one fails (open)Circuit breaksOthers still work

Conductor Resistance Formula

R = L / (σ × A)

  • R = resistance (ohms, Ω)
  • L = conductor length (meters)
  • σ = conductivity (siemens per meter, S/m)
  • A = cross-sectional area (m²) = π(d/2)²

Conductivity of Common Materials

MaterialConductivity (×10⁶ S/m)Relative to Copper
Silver63.0106%
Copper59.6100%
Gold41.169%
Aluminum37.763%
Brass15.025%
Iron10.317%
Nichrome0.931.6%

Common Resistor Values (E12 Series)

Standard resistor values follow a geometric sequence. The E12 series has 12 values per decade:

1.0, 1.2, 1.5, 1.8, 2.2, 2.7, 3.3, 3.9, 4.7, 5.6, 6.8, 8.2

Multiply by powers of 10: 10Ω, 12Ω, 15Ω ... 1kΩ, 1.2kΩ, 1.5kΩ ... 100kΩ, etc.

Related Calculators

Frequently Asked Questions

How do I read resistor color codes?

Read bands left to right. For 4-band: first two bands are digits, third is multiplier, fourth is tolerance. For 5-band: first three bands are digits, fourth is multiplier, fifth is tolerance. The tolerance band (usually gold/silver) is spaced farther from the others.

What is the difference between 4-band and 5-band resistors?

4-band resistors have 2 significant digits (e.g., 47 × 1K = 47kΩ). 5-band resistors have 3 significant digits for greater precision (e.g., 475 × 100 = 47.5kΩ). 5-band resistors are used in precision applications.

How do series resistors add up?

In series, resistances simply add: R_total = R1 + R2 + R3 + ... The total is always larger than any individual resistor. Current is the same through each resistor, but voltage divides across them.

How do parallel resistors combine?

In parallel: 1/R_total = 1/R1 + 1/R2 + 1/R3 + ... The total is always less than the smallest individual resistor. Voltage is the same across each, but current divides. For two resistors: R_total = (R1 × R2) / (R1 + R2).

What is conductor resistance?

A conductor's resistance depends on length, cross-section area, and material conductivity: R = L / (σ × A). Longer wires have more resistance. Thicker wires have less. Copper conducts better than steel.

What does tolerance mean?

Tolerance is the maximum deviation from the stated value. A 100Ω ±5% resistor can be 95-105Ω. Gold = ±5%, Silver = ±10%, Brown = ±1%. Lower tolerance costs more but is needed for precision circuits.